Which principle describes the need for different branches of government to oversee and limit each other's powers?

The principle that describes the need for different branches of government to oversee and limit each other's powers is checks and balances. This system ensures that no single branch becomes too powerful by allowing each branch—executive, legislative, and judicial—to exert some measure of control over the others. For instance, the executive branch can veto legislation passed by the legislative branch, while the legislative branch can override that veto. Additionally, the judiciary has the authority to review laws and executive actions, determining their constitutionality. This interplay among the branches is crucial for maintaining a balance of power within the government and protecting the rights of citizens from potential abuse by any one branch.

In contrast, federalism refers to the division of power between the national and state governments, separation of powers specifically delineates the distinct functions of each branch without the active oversight component, and judicial review establishes the judiciary's role in interpreting laws and assessing their compliance with the Constitution. Each of these concepts plays a vital role in the structure of governance, but the checks and balances framework is specifically focused on the interactions and limitations amongst different branches.